Contrastingly, crystalline aquifers had the lowest specific yield (0.63 m³/h*m), and stabilization yield (5.71 m³/h). Sedimentary basins had the highest specific yield (2.16 m³/h*m) and stabilization yield (11.19 m³/h), as well as the greatest total abstraction pressure (1054967 m³/h), although they had lower exploitation by aquifer area (0.54 m³/h*km²) than carbonate (1.91 m³/h*km²) and volcanic aquifers (0.80 m³/h*km²). The cartographic results culminated in maps of the potential and pressure of groundwater use in Brazil and proved to be promising for the planning and management of water resources. Indicators obtained from ordinary kriging, kernel density estimation, and multivariate geovisualization techniques using the Brazilian Groundwater Information System (SIAGAS) were proposed. This study spatially characterizes the potential and pressure of the supply of groundwater resources in Brazil. From the selected methods, the AMOEBA (A Multidirectional Optimal Ecotope-Based Algorithm) method was more accurate in describing the concentration and shape characteristics and was powerful in discovering complex hotspots. Results show that the proposed evaluation framework and indicators can describe the size, concentration and shape characteristics of the detected hotspots, thus supporting the quantitative comparison of different methods. Finally, four classical hotspot-detection methods were quantitatively compared on the synthetic and real crime data. Secondly, accounting for the concentration and shape characteristics of the hotspot, we additionally defined two evaluation indicators, which can be used as a supplement to existing evaluation indicators. Firstly, we established a framework for quantitatively evaluating the performance of hotspot detection for cases with or without the ”ground truth”.
Therefore, in this study, a comparative study of hotspot detection approaches while simultaneously considering the concentration and shape characteristics was conducted.
Although a variety of methods have been developed to detect crime hotspots, few studies have systematically evaluated the performance of various methods, especially in terms of the ability to detect complex-shaped crime hotspots.
Hotspot detection is an important exploratory technique to identify areas with high concentrations of crime and help deploy crime-reduction resources.
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